neděle 1. dubna 2012

Já versus Keynesián

Nedávno jsem se na Twitteru napsal: "Právě jsem 1,5h na chatu debatoval s jedním Keynesiánem, studntem z Cambridge. Mám to dát na net? Zajímá mě, co na to řeknou čeští rakušáci." Sice se nikdo neozval, ale dávám to sem i tak. ;) Z diskuze jsem vyřadil osobní komentáře, zbytek je originální. Angličtina je na jednoduché úrovni, nikdo by s tím neměl mít problém. Zpočátku je to taková meta-ekonomie, bavení se spíš o těch teoriích a ekonomech než o jejich myšlenkách. K jedné myšlence - spor o povaze bankovních panikách - se dostáváme až na konci. Přijde mi, že jsem argumentoval lépe - Alex mi neodpověděl na několik různých bodů a hlavně zcela neadekvátně reagoval na můj úplně poslední příspěvek. Mimochodem, Alex sice říká, že není Keynesián, ale poté řekne, že Keynesiánství je méně špatně než jiné školy a taky celou dobu brání keynesiánské myšlenky, proto tento název článku. Budu rád za jakékoliv konstruktivní komentáře nebo připomínky. Kdo má podle vás pravdu? Každopádně, k diskuzi:


[29.3.2012 16:30:28] Dominik: I have done some reading on austrian school and even though I havnt taken a 5 year Keynesian course at cambridge, I just cant imagine austrians being wrong. It all makes perfect sense. While keynesianism to me just doesnt. Krugman keeps repeating that the war got us out of the Great Depression, he even said 9/11 might be good for the economy. This "broken window fallacy" was dealt with by Frederick Bastiat some 200 years ago. And just the stuff on the surface in terms of how successful austrian economists are - Mises and Hayek predicted the 1929 crash, Rothbard predicted 70s staflation and there have been literally dozens of austrian economists on the air before 2008 predicting a recession coming. For example, see http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2I0QN-FYkpw
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[29.3.2012 17:49:20] Dominik: Though I have searched for criticisms of austrian econ and I yet havent found anything that hasnt been disproven on Mises.org.
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[29.3.2012 17:49:19] Alexander : I am not Keynesian 
[29.3.2012 17:49:37] Dominik: really? I thought you were advocating Krugman the whole time )
[29.3.2012 17:54:49] Alexander : He is one of the many good economists. But his ideas are clearly not an essance of my thinking. Particularly the ideas that he puts forward in his popular reading rather books rather than textbooks. These books are good for someone who wants to have some idea about what is going on but are a bit useless if you really want to get into the meat of the argument. I bet he knows hell a lot about the economy but the books he writes for the general public is not the place I would expect to find his argument. He puts only the conclusions there and suppots them with some vague half-historical arguments. If you want to question his conclusions you have to go back to the roots I believe. I was on his side because you were attacking him and I do believe that Keynesianism is the way to go now but we need a modified version of it and Austrians might help in some ways to modify it.
[29.3.2012 17:55:40] Dominik: :)
[29.3.2012 17:56:18] Alexander : I am more Keynesian simply because I believe other schools are more wrong (or so I believe at the moment), although I dont have too much to say against monetarists.
[29.3.2012 17:56:53] Dominik: Im not sure you can really take two schools of economic thought that you find interesting and fuse them together. They are inherently and philosophically antithesis of each other, not only in conclusions, but also in methodology.
[29.3.2012 17:58:33] Alexander : Of course not. That is why I believe at the moment Austrians can't be the major school. I will read more about that but I believe there philosophy and methodology is inherently inferior. However some of their ideas could be taken. But I am clearly not too much qualified as yet to judge.
[29.3.2012 17:58:41] Alexander : Austrian ideas of creative distruction process and suggestion to let the financial system collapse sound for me a bit naive and unnecesserily cruel and wasteful.
[29.3.2012 17:58:56] Dominik: ...
[29.3.2012 17:59:06] Dominik: Theres just so much to say to that ))
[29.3.2012 17:59:53] Alexander : Neoclassical base their ideas on rational expectations hypothesis which I just can't believe to be realistic and I think the current crises has brought this school to the ruin.
[29.3.2012 18:01:29] Dominik: Its not destruction, its an allocation of resources to where they are supposed to be - i.e. where the consumers want them to be, not where politically connected central planners in the govt want them to be. And look at the history - have you heard of Crisis of 1920? In the first year, it was WORSE than 1930! The govt didnt do anything (save for taking the interest rates to record high) and the economy restructured and production was up agian in a year.
[29.3.2012 18:02:12] Alexander : I just used Shumpeter's term.
[29.3.2012 18:02:33] Alexander : I have studied it in detail.
[29.3.2012 18:02:34] Dominik: of course some companies went bankrupt, some people lost their money, but the damage done in the long term was much much smaller than if the central bankers tried to perpetuate the "boom"
[29.3.2012 18:03:07] Alexander : I don't think many economists belive that CBs should perputuate booms...
[29.3.2012 18:04:29] Dominik: i thought keynesians wanted to continue with the boom, that they see the recession only as a plague that must be get rid of asap
[29.3.2012 18:04:31] Alexander : 1920s was more because of the attempt to return to the Gold at overvalued exchange rate. I am not sure what Austrian standing on this is but Keynes personally was massively unhappy about that fact.
[29.3.2012 18:05:25] Dominik: (btw one of the major stand points of the asutrian school is free banking, or at least a gold standard)
[29.3.2012 18:06:19] Alexander : No. Keynesians see recession as consequance of massive banking deregulation and huge macroeconomic risk externality that Greenspan as well as the dominant new classical school failed to take into accout.
[29.3.2012 18:07:29] Alexander : You see. That is the problem I see with Austrians. Banking can never be free. It is an area where there is a massive externality. Muuch more serios than in smoking or car driving or whatever...
[29.3.2012 18:07:52] Dominik: Just answer this: if Keynesianism is so right, howcome Keynesians are so wrong? In  MELTDOWN, you can read quotes from Bernanke, Paulson and others speaking in 2008 that the economy has never been stronger.
[29.3.2012 18:08:25] Alexander : Indeed they said that. But I would not claim this to be Keynesianism.
[29.3.2012 18:08:34] Dominik: While Peter Schiff has been warning about the massive debt, distortions of market, moral hazard, corporatism and artifically low interest rates for years. And many other Austrians as well.
[29.3.2012 18:08:57] Alexander : Low interest rates were simply not that important for THIS crisis.
[29.3.2012 18:09:15] Dominik: Generally the state is that most economists are monetarist or keynesianism. And most economists were clueless about the crisis.
[29.3.2012 18:09:35] Alexander : And distortions of the market came as direct consequance of banking deregulation.
[29.3.2012 18:10:09] Dominik: As i talked about before, deregulation is a problem when you have moral hazard.
[29.3.2012 18:10:11] Alexander : No. Most of them were monetarists or rather new classicals. Keynesians was in retreat for the years before the crises.
[29.3.2012 18:10:46] Alexander : So you need such regulation that will eliminate or at least minimise moral hazard.
[29.3.2012 18:10:50] Dominik: So yes, deregulation might have done its small share, but that is only because it enabled much more mkt distortions by encouraging moral hazard.
[29.3.2012 18:11:25] Alexander : If we have rubbism regulation for me it means that this means that we need better regulation rather than no regulation.
[29.3.2012 18:12:23] Alexander : Eliminating regulation will simply injure the financial system and the econoomy as a whole. But it is questionless that the whole system requires radical reforms.
[29.3.2012 18:12:36] Dominik: You know, austrian school at the moment is BY FAR the largest growing school of economics. People are attracted to it like never before. And that is because they see that the current economic paradigm has failed, while the ABCT (austrian business cycle theory), not only explains everything, but has predicted ALL THREE of the largest recessions in the last century
[29.3.2012 18:13:48] Alexander : Greenspan relied on new classical rather than Keynesian theories. The current paradigms were based on the rational expectation hypothesis and the efficient market hypothesis that appeared to be very very wrong indeed.
[29.3.2012 18:13:48] Dominik: A side note - moral hazard is when you deal with other peoples money. When a bank is dealing with the money of taxpayers, because it knows that if it fails, it will be bailed out. As Peter schiff said: capitalism isnt privatized gains and socialized losses, its privatized gains AND privatized losses.
[29.3.2012 18:14:49] Dominik: OK, let me google what austrians have to say about Greenspan, I only know they detest him :).
[29.3.2012 18:15:09] Alexander : I do know what moral hazard is. I dealt quite a lot with it in many contexts and in the context of this crises in particular.
[29.3.2012 18:15:34] Alexander : I am not a great fan of greenspan as well although I do favour Bernanke's policy.
[29.3.2012 18:16:03] Alexander : What I am saying is that there are many ways to deal with moral hazard and the way you are suggesting is an inferior one.
[29.3.2012 18:16:53] Alexander : This is a big problem. ANd we HAVE to deal with it. But it is not necessery to abandon all the current macro theory and let the whole banking sector collapse or whatever. THere are more civilised ways.
[29.3.2012 18:17:35] Dominik: What about this. Obama (together with his keynesian econ advisors) predicts that without bailout and stimulus there would be 10 percent unemployment, while WITH there would be 8 percent unemployment. Turns out its 12 percent, even worse that WIHOUT IT, BY HIS OWN FORECASTS. Howcome Keynesian forecasts always go wrong? BTW: Keynesian Predictions vs. American History http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6XbG6aIUlog
[29.3.2012 18:19:33] Alexander : To start with Obama might have had his own motives for predicting nice and positive future when US now is in a shitty situation because many people are unemployed there for more than 3 years by now and thus have great trouble finding job.
[29.3.2012 18:20:07] Alexander : I don't think we will see U in USA belowe 8% in the next 5 years but this does not mean that we should stop fighting it.
[29.3.2012 18:21:54] Alexander : Second, You can always find Keynesian economists who give wrong predictions and you can always find Keynesian economists who give correct predictions (see Roubini) simply because there are hell a lot Keynesian economists and many of them are of questionable education and intelligence.
[29.3.2012 18:22:53] Alexander : It is not too hard to find a set of Keynesian economists who predicted all the recent crisises when you are allowed to pick economists with a hindsights.
[29.3.2012 18:23:14] Alexander : And it can't be that hard to do this for Austrians.
[29.3.2012 18:23:49] Alexander : I need to go now. I think we should live it till we are in a pub. When would you have time?
[29.3.2012 18:23:52] Dominik: One more thing. I think the fact that austrianism is still a minority in fact adds to their trustworthiness. Most keynesians dont know shit about austrian school. Honestly, how much austrian econ do even cambridge professors know? When i first told willetts about it, he almost seemed to have never heard it, by now he still doesnt know who Rothbard is (3rd most important person). On the other hand, austrians are very well educated in keynesianism, after all, they were taught it in school. E.g. bob murphy tends to always add in the keynesian view (and then refutes it). You can google videos and articles and books by austrians on keynesianism. Its not like they are living in their own world, exactly the opposite! Keynesians are living in their world, incapable or reluctant to study austrian econ. 
Bob murphy in particular is the nemesis of Krugman - he has written dozens of articles refuting almost everything krugman has made, he has invited him to a debate - which krugman has never accepted. On his whole blog, krugman mentions austrians like once and he shows complete lack of understanding of the theory.
[29.3.2012 18:24:46] Dominik: in other words, current keynesians are keynesians most liekly because they were taught keynesianism. Austrians are austrians, because they were taught keynesianism, but made sure to read up on Hayek and Mises and Rothbard as well, and found out its simply superior.
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[29.3.2012 18:32:18] Dominik: This is nice from wikipedia: Methodology is where Austrians differ most significantly from other schools of economic thought. Mainstream schools, such as Keynesians and Monetarists, adopt empirical, mathematical, and statistical methods, and focus on induction to construct and test theories. Austrians reject empirical statistical methods, natural experiments, and constructed experiments as tools applicable to economics, arguing that while it is appropriate in the natural sciences where factors can be isolated in laboratory conditions, the actions of humans are too complex for such a treatment because humans are not passive and non-adaptive subjects. Austrian economist Jeffrey Herbener has argued that "there are no statistical characteristics to human behavior. It is purposeful rather than random, and changeable rather than constant".[30] Austrians argue one should instead isolate the logical processes of human action. Mises called this discipline "praxeology."[31] The Austrian praxeological method is based on the heavy use of logical deduction from what they argue to be undeniable, self-evident axioms or irrefutable facts about human existence.[32]
[29.3.2012 18:33:12] Dominik: what do you think abotu the wiki quote?
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[29.3.2012 18:41:54] Dominik: also, keynesians agree that austrian school has some contributions - the concept of marginal utility, opportunity cost, economic calculation problem... all those were discovered by the austrians. Not even keynesians will claim Hayek didnt understand the economy. But austrians do claim that about keynesians, because they just get almost everything wrong.
[29.3.2012 18:42:23] Dominik: (in the austrian view)
[29.3.2012 18:42:33] Dominik: btw do you know about the KEYNES VS HAYEK videos?
[29.3.2012 18:44:07] Alexander : Yep))))
[29.3.2012 18:44:16] Dominik: both?
[29.3.2012 18:44:28] Alexander : No. Just one. Is there the second one?)
[29.3.2012 18:44:31] Dominik: it seems to me, its enough just to watch those videos and one finds out who is right
[29.3.2012 18:44:32] Dominik: yes
[29.3.2012 18:44:37] Dominik: even a short third one
[29.3.2012 18:44:44] Alexander : Ill have a look))
[29.3.2012 18:46:12] Dominik: keynes keeps repeating extreme spending is necessary, that the war got us out of the depression... It is hayek who rightly corrects that the stimulus / new deal didnt help at all and that the war might have increased nominal gdp, but didnt recover anything. The economy recovered when the new deal was repealed after WW2.
[29.3.2012 18:49:34] Dominik: and went on to achieve prosperity, for that matter
[29.3.2012 18:51:49] Alexander : Keynes was a bit less clishe that he is shown there and acted according to the needs of the time) THe idea of balancing budgets in the midst of depression was not the most genious one and he did his best to refute it. http://sms.cam.ac.uk/media/761745 Dont bother with the video. Just have look at the last couple of minutes when there is Hayek talking about Keynes
[29.3.2012 18:52:09] Alexander : The rest of the video is a bit useless.
[29.3.2012 18:53:11] Dominik: Hayek in the second video "When the War ended all your friends cried disaster (!), yet the economy thrived and grew faster."
[29.3.2012 18:58:37] Dominik: Why do you keep avoiding the point that the recession is a sign that malinvesments were made that must be corrected for? Respond to the point directly.
[29.3.2012 18:59:17] Dominik: By your logic, isnt any business failure bad?
[29.3.2012 18:59:59] Alexander : Why would all business failure be bad?
[29.3.2012 19:01:13] Alexander : By my logic there are externalities that need to be eliminated. Bad businesses have to fail that is normal. But there is no need to ruin the whole economy for the sake of couple of bad businesses to fail and allocation of resources to become a bit more efficient)
[29.3.2012 19:01:45] Dominik: because two big firms collapsing is IN PRINCPLE the same thing as a sceond hand corner shop having to close down because ppl can now (thanks to the change of regime to capitalism BTW) afford to buy new clothes.
[29.3.2012 19:02:19] Dominik: show me when that ever happened
[29.3.2012 19:02:19] Alexander : No. Second hand shop closing does not lead to bank runs
[29.3.2012 19:02:48] Alexander : It is not the same in Principle
[29.3.2012 19:03:00] Dominik: you know, im arguing for the natural state. Youre (and keynesians) are arguing for massive interventions in the economy, for massive spending and thus taxation (at least in the future), so the burden of proof is on you.
[29.3.2012 19:03:17] Alexander : No need for massive spending and taxation
[29.3.2012 19:03:43] Alexander : I am both hands for reducing the deficits (probably not now but deffinitely in the nearest future).
[29.3.2012 19:04:05] Alexander : Regulation does not have to take the form of stupid spending.
[29.3.2012 19:04:44] Alexander : Spending is usefull sometimes, but it is not the remedy you need to use to your left and right.
[29.3.2012 19:05:07] Alexander : There are better reasons for allowing banks not to fail now than simple fiscal policy arguments)
[29.3.2012 19:06:34] Alexander : It is just that I dont want to see panic in the financial markets, credit crunches and bank runs... Although some of these banks will have to fail eventually. But let them do so once they are investment banks and do not have links to commercial banks
[29.3.2012 19:07:15] Dominik: If youre so worried about bank runs, why not abolsih fractional reserve banking?
[29.3.2012 19:07:21] Dominik: Austrians have been calling for that for ages.
[29.3.2012 19:07:28] Dominik: A bank run would NEVER happen again.
[29.3.2012 19:07:49] Alexander : It is simply not the best time to cure moral hazard by harsh methods right now.
[29.3.2012 19:08:10] Alexander : So what alternative do you suggest? To have 100% reserves?
[29.3.2012 19:08:18] Dominik: Yes.
[29.3.2012 19:08:24] Dominik: Of course
[29.3.2012 19:08:26] Alexander : )))))))
[29.3.2012 19:08:40] Dominik: to lend money that you dont have? Doesnt that seem fraud to you?
[29.3.2012 19:08:52] Alexander : That is like curing the war by throwing a nuclear bomb on the countries that are in te war
[29.3.2012 19:08:53] Alexander : It solves the problem))))
[29.3.2012 19:09:00] Alexander : No. Is using a computer a fraud.
[29.3.2012 19:09:24] Dominik: Either govt regulated as fraud under our current system, or ideally, abolish state monpoly on money, and the mkt will make sure FRB banks are eliminated.
[29.3.2012 19:09:44] Alexander : You right now talking to a person who you dont see. Isnt that a fraud?
[29.3.2012 19:10:05] Dominik: if i payed for seeing that person, than yes
[29.3.2012 19:12:31] Dominik: Btw, even without FRB, the micro goes like this: A bank fails. People, acting rationally but obviously not fully informed, start suspecting their banks more. If they see bad accounts, if they see other banks going under, they will obviously take out their money, because they do not want to have it in a bad bank. The thing to understand here is that there is NO EXTERNALITY involved. People withdraw money from bad banks, b/c they are bad banks. In fact, it helps the economy by getting rid of these bad banks.
[29.3.2012 19:15:16] Dominik: Socialists of all kind (including Keynesians) seem to view everything as an externality - whether its education, healthcare, for communists even regular economic success (youre exploting the ppl, youre hoarding all the resources), for keynesians its banking. Yes, the most proximate cause of a bank going under is ppl withdrawing their money, but they do so because they have (usually justified) fears that the bank is bad. It is the bad banking that causes the panic, NOT the panic that causes the bad banking.
[29.3.2012 19:17:31] Alexander : The externality is different. When one bank risks excessively it compromises other banks as well because its failure will simply trigger rational or irrational or whatever panic on the financial markets. MC>MB as you were taught but on MAcro level. By risking a bank compromises the whole economy. There will always be excessive risk in the system. That is what is reffered using the term systemic risk. Leave the banks alone and we will have too much risky lending. But to be honest with you there are bigger problems with arguing for no FRB banking))) Do you actually want to get uni education? How a hell would you finance it if your parents did not have money??
[29.3.2012 19:18:04] Alexander : How will people get mortgages?
[29.3.2012 19:18:42] Alexander : How are young entrepreneurs with great ideas but no retained profits to finance there potentially successful business?
[29.3.2012 19:18:52] Alexander : We found a nice solution to this question.
[29.3.2012 19:19:30] Alexander : Let us have financial markets. A technology that will help us with that.
[29.3.2012 19:20:27] Alexander : Now we find that we allowed that technology to go wrong.
[29.3.2012 19:20:34] Alexander : There was excessive lending.
[29.3.2012 19:20:42] Alexander : There wa unreasonable lending.
[29.3.2012 19:20:47] Alexander : There was excessive risk.
[29.3.2012 19:21:12] Alexander : I suggest we correct this problems and keep going. No need to scrap the whole system.
[29.3.2012 19:21:26] Dominik: To tell the truth, i havnt done the reading on FRB, but to respond to your risk claims: Really? Do you really too much think risk is an inherent flaw of capitalism? Expected value is made up of the amount (the VALUE), and the probality (the EXPECTATION, together EXPECTED VALUE). That is what would happen under a free market system. Unfortunately, we have all these terrible corporatist - almsot fascist - regulations that cause moral hazard - the certainty of bailouts, govt imposed limited liability, govt insurance of mortgages and loans up to some amount... These are what cause the extreme risking behavior of financiers! capitalism is privatized gains and privatized losses.
[29.3.2012 19:28:43] Dominik: BTW i havnt even touched the moral aspect of socialistically stealing from peoplpe (or their chlildren) by taxes and centrally located officers deciding what to do with that money. And regulations severely limiting peoples freedom - you can read stuff about the new deal, ppl were for example fined, even imprisoned, for working during the evening (maximum working hours) IN THEIR OWN HOME. And then there is the unfortunately inevitable practical aspect of officers having bad incentives, being politically connected, there being tons of corruption and lobbying (we have seen all of this in all stimulus packages) and the same goes with regulations. So im standing up to the harder challenge here of debating in a purely theoretical environment where the moral and practical aspects can be overlooked.
[29.3.2012 19:28:46] Alexander : I dont think you understood the arugment. Excessive risk is inherent in financial markets not capitalism is a whole. Financial markets simply isnt the same as the corner shop. Excessive risk is there by nature because of risk externality. Government MIGHT add a bit more by saving the bad banks. Howeverr it was nnot obvious before crises that the banks will be saved. And even there who is that that take risks? Traders? Who is that who answer for the bank? Shareholder. Who is that who is running the bank? Managers. I can see a bit of a problem there. And I cant see how the great market force will sort it out.
[29.3.2012 19:33:38] Alexander : There is a problem with externality and there is also a problem with incentives being not in line. The system is a bit too complex and the market forces will be tricked by the complexity of the system. THe market solution will be to RUIN such a system AT BEST and to make it very inefficient (even more inefficient that it is now) AT WORST, rewarding managers and robbing off shareholders. And that is simply far not the best solution to the prbolem.
[29.3.2012 19:34:10] Alexander : If the complexities of the system trick the market forces we have no choice but to trick the complexities of the system.
[29.3.2012 19:35:29] Alexander : This advice obviously does not apply to other markets othe than finanical markets.
[29.3.2012 19:35:43] Alexander : Corner shops can be safely left to market forces
[29.3.2012 19:38:36] Dominik: You seem to me a bit dogmatic here. So you deny any effects of the causes of excessive risk behavior? Also, it seems to me Keynesians think banking is ALL about expectations. That there is no room for good or bad investments, which is claerly nonsensical. If banking is all about expectations, why doesnt just the central bank do all commercial operations? Expectations would be full, since it can never go under. No, its not about expectations, about laws, about regulations. Its about actual productivity, about good or bad investments. Speculation and panics and bank runs are GOOD, because they serve as a way to get rid of bad banks AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. When i see this bank failing, i immediately withdraw to save my money from being wasted on their bad investment. Everyone does this, the bank fails and less money is wasted. Obviously, lots of money still will be wasted, but that is the price consumers pay for trusting a bad bank with their money (anyways, this failure was most likely caused by govt intervention). In short, bad expectations arent a good explanation of the recession.
[29.3.2012 19:40:03] Alexander : THere is lots of place for good or bad investment in the theories.
[29.3.2012 19:40:16] Alexander : But there should be room for expectations as well.


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